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Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer’s processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented “peak” execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values. The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of these problems, researchers created standardized tests such as SPECint to attempt to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse.

The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as thousand instructions per second (kIPS), million instructions per second (MIPS), or Million Operations per Second (MOPS).

• 1 Thousand instructions per second
• 2 Million instructions per second
• 3 Timeline of instructions per second
• 4 Historic Data
• 5 See also
• 6 References

[edit] Thousand instructions per second

Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo Instructions Per Second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix, produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications. Other ratings were also produced for commercial applications. Computer Speeds From Instruction Mixes pre-1960 to 1971 has results for around 175 computers, providing scientific and commercial ratings. For IBM, the earliest Gibson Mix calculations shown are the 1954 IBM 650 at 0.06 kIPS and 1956 IBM 705 at 0.5 kIPS. The results are mainly for IBM and others known as the BUNCH – Burroughs, Univac, NCR, CDC and Honeywell.

A thousand instructions per second (kIPS) is rarely used, as most current microprocessors can execute a least a billion instructions per second. The thousand means 1000, not 1024.

kIPS is also a common joke name for 16 bit microprocessor designs developed in undergraduate computer engineering courses that use the text Computer Organization and Design by Patterson and Hennessy (ISBN 1-55860-428-6), which explains computer architecture concepts in terms of the MIPS architecture. Such architectures tend to be scaled down versions of the MIPS R2000 architecture.

[edit] Million instructions per second

Comparison of processors speeds requires thorough analysis, as the speed of a given CPU is dependent upon many factors, such as the type of instructions being executed, the execution order and the presence of branch instructions (problematic in CPU pipelines). CPU instruction rates are different from clock frequencies, usually reported in Hz, as each instruction may require several clock cycles to complete or may be capable of executing multiple independent instructions at once. Additionally, the number of cycles required for instructions to complete is dependent upon the instruction being executed. MIPS are difficult to compare between CPU architectures. This and other limitations of the unit lead many computer engineers to define MIPS as Meaningless Indicator of Processor Speed.[1]

In the late 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS, where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX 11/780 that was marketed as a 1 MIPS machine. (The measure was also known as the VAX Unit of Performance or VUP. Though orthographically incorrect, the s in VUPs is sometimes written in upper case.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.

Many of the minicomputer performance claims were based on the Fortran version of the Whetstone benchmark. This produces an artificial speed rating in Millions of Whetstone Instructions Per Second (MWIPS). The VAX 11/780 with FPA (1977) is shown as having a rating of 1.02 MWIPS.

Effective MIPS speeds are highly dependent on the programming language used.The Whetstone Report has a table showing MWIPS speeds of PCs via early interpreters and compilers up to modern languages. The first compiler was for BASIC (1982) when a 4.8 MHz 8088/87 CPU obtained 0.01 MWIPS. Results on a 2.4 GHz Core 2 Duo (1 CPU 2007) vary from 9.7 MWIPS using BASIC Interpreter, 59 MWIPS via BASIC Compiler, 347 MWIPS using 1987 Fortran, 1,534 MWIPS through HTML/Java to 2,403 MWIPS using a modern C/C++ compiler.

For the most early 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors the performance was recognized in thousand instructions per second (kIPS), which equals 0.001 MIPS. The first general purpose microprocessor, the Intel i8080, ran at 0.64 MIPS. The Intel i8086 microprocessor, the first 16-bit microprocessor in the line of processors made by Intel and used in IBM PCs, ran at 0.8 MIPS. Early 32-bit PCs (386) ran at about 3 MIPS.

zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries, IBM System z9, and IBM System z10).

[edit] Timeline of instructions per second This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) Processor IPS Instructions / clock cycle Year Source Intel 4004 00000010 !92 kIPS at 740 kHz 001 !0.1 1971 [2] IBM System/370 model 158-3 0000010 !1 MIPS 01 !1.0 1972 Intel 8080 0000005 !500 kIPS at 2 MHz 00250 !0.3 1974 MOS Technology 6502 0000005 !500 kIPS at 1 MHz 005 !0.5 1975 VAX-11/780 0000005 !500 kIPS 005 !0.5 1977 Motorola 68000 0000010 !1 MIPS at 8 MHz 00125 !0.1 1979 Intel 286 0000026 !2.66 MIPS at 12.5 MHz 00220 !0.2 1982 [3] ARM2 0000040 !4 MIPS at 8 MHz 00500 !0.5 1986 Motorola 68020 0000040 !4 MIPS at 20 MHz 00200 !0.2 1984 Motorola 68030 0000110 !11 MIPS at 33 MHz 00330 !0.3 1987 Intel 386DX 0000114 !11.4 MIPS at 33 MHz 00340 !0.3 1985 ARM 7500FE 0000359 !35.9 MIPS at 40 MHz 00897 !0.9 1996 Motorola 68040 0000440 !44 MIPS at 40 MHz 01100 !1.1 1990 Intel 486DX 0000540 !54 MIPS at 66 MHz 00818 !0.8 1992 Zilog eZ80 0000800 !80 MIPS at 50 MHz 01600 !1.6 1999 [4] Motorola 68060 0000880 !88 MIPS at 66 MHz 01330 !1.33 1994 ETRAX 100LX 0001000 !100 MIPS at 100 MHz 00000 !n/a n/a [5] Axis Communications ETRAX 200FS 0002000 !200 MIPS at 200 MHz 00000 !n/a n/a [5] Axis Communications DEC Alpha 21064 EV4 0003000 !300 MIPS at 150 MHz 02705 !2.7 1992 [6] Intel Pentium Pro 0005410 !541 MIPS at 200 MHz 02705 !2.7 1996 [7] PowerPC 750 0005250 !525 MIPS at 233 MHz 02253 !2.3 1997 Freescale MPC8272 0007600 !760 MIPS at 400 MHz 01900 !1.9 2000 [8] Integrated Communications Processors Intel Pentium III 0013540 !1,354 MIPS at 500 MHz 02708 !2.7 1999 AMD Athlon 0035610 !3,561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz 02967 !3.0 2000 AMD Athlon XP 2400+ 0059350 !5,935 MIPS at 2.0 GHz 02967 !3.0 2002 Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 0097260 !9,726 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 03039 !3.0 2003 ARM Cortex A8 0020000 !2,000 MIPS at 1.0 GHz 02000 !2.0 2005 [9] AMD Athlon FX-57 0120000 !12,000 MIPS at 2.8 GHz 04285 !4.3 2005 AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (Dual Core) 0145640 !14,564 MIPS at 2.0 GHz 07282 !7.3 2005 [10] Xbox360 IBM “Xenon” Triple Core 0192000 !19,200 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 060 !6.0 2005 PS3 Cell BE (PPE only) 010240 !10,240 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 032000 !3.2 2006 AMD Athlon FX-60 (Dual Core) 0189380 !18,938 MIPS at 2.6 GHz 07283 !7.3 2006 [10] Intel Core 2 Extreme X6800 0270790 !27,079 MIPS at 2.93 GHz 09242 !9.2 2006 [10] Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 0491610 !49,161 MIPS at 2.66 GHz 18481 !18.5 2006 [11] P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M 0088000 !8,800 MIPS at 2.0 GHz 04400 !4.4 2007 [12] Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770 0594550 !59,455 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 18580 !18.6 2008 [13] Intel Core i7 Extreme 965EE 0763830 !76,383 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 23860 !23.9 2008 [14] AMD Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition 042820 !42,820 MIPS at 3.0 GHz 14273 !14.3 2009 [15] AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 068200 !68,200 MIPS at 3.2 GHz 21313 !21.3 2010 [16] Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition i980EE 147600 !147,600 MIPS at 3.3 GHz 44727 !44.7 2010 [17] [edit] Historic Data

• Computer Speeds From Instruction Mixes pre-1960 to 1971 (kIPS 175 systems)
• Computer Speed Claims 1980 to 1996 (MIPS >2000 systems)
• PC CPU Performance Comparisons %MIPS/MHz

[edit] See also

• FLOPS
• benchmark (computing)
• million service units (MSU)
• Peak MIPS
• Relative MIPS
• Dhrystone MIPS (DMIPS)

[edit] References